We suggest that foot-flagging displays ritualized from this frequently observed fighting technique to reduce physical attacks. Analysis of behavioural transitions revealed that kicking behaviours (physical attacks) significantly elicited kicks from interacting males. saxicola thereby did not act as an alert signal. The acoustic and visual signals were not functionally linked. Results from a quantitative video analysis of male–male interactions indicate that footflagging displays were used as directional signals toward the opponent male, but were less abundant than calls. During agonistic interactions males display advertisement calls, foot-flagging and tapping (foot lifting) behaviours to signal the readiness to defend perching sites in perennial streams. saxicola), a diurnal frog endemic to the Western Ghats of India. Our study describes acoustic and visual behaviours of the Small Torrent Frog (Micrixalus aff. Several anuran species use multimodal signals to communicate in diverse social contexts.
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